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Kinematics Theory of Balls and Light Versus the Theory of Special Relativity – December 2025

Author:

Dambi, Filip

Category:

Research Papers

Sub-Category:

Mechanics / Electrodynamics

Language:

English

Date Published:

December 9, 2025

File:

/Research Papers-Mechanics / Electrodynamics/Download/10389

Downloads:

Keywords:

Kinematics of Balls; Kinematics of Light; Ballistic Law; Emission of Light; Propagation of Light; Reflection of Light; Speed of Light; Observation of Light; Lorentz’s Transformation; Special Relativity.

Abstract:

The study of the emission, propagation, and reflection of balls leads to the ballistic law, which applies to balls with mass and to hypothetical massless balls. A natural extension of the ballistic law is to encompass massless entities such as light. The phenomenon that a ball or a light emitted by a source inherits the velocity of its source has the mathematical expression given by the ballistic law: In the absolute frame, the propagation velocity of a ball or light is the vector sum of the velocity of the ball or light emitted by the source and the source's velocity. Lorentz’s transformation duplicates a spherical wavefront from one inertial frame, considered stationary, to another inertial frame. The duplication looks like an ellipsoid; therefore, it requires another equation different from a sphere, which contradicts Einstein’s first postulate. Lorentz’s transformation mixes different times in the relativistic inertial frame. Therefore, each wave requires its own clock synchronization, which is unacceptable. There are no length contractions as special relativity claims. These conclusions from the Lorentz transformation and special relativity refute them. Instead, the constancy of time passage in the universe and the variability of the propagation speed of light are confirmed. Reproduced from Physics Essays, Vol. 38, Page No. 222, Year 2025, with permission from Physics Essays Publication.