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Generalization of Newton’s 340-Year-Old Third Law: An Open Challenge for Experimental Verification Using Low-Cost Methods

Author:

sharma, ajay

Category:

Research Papers

Sub-Category:

Mechanics / Electrodynamics

Language:

English

Date Published:

November 4, 2025

File:

/Research Papers-Mechanics / Electrodynamics/Download/10360

Downloads:

341

Keywords:

N/A

Abstract:

Newton has expressed the third law of action and reaction in terms of force, i.e. Reaction (FBA) = − Action (FAB). In the standard textbooks, the law is understood with the help of many qualitative examples and thus needs to be understood quantitatively. For simplicity, the experiments concerning falling and rebounding bodies are considered in a closed room. In the past decade, some deviations from Newton’s third law have been reported by scientists in state-of-the-art experiments in electromagnetism, statistical physics, astronautics, biological and chemical physics, etc. These independent observations also compel us to look at the author’s generalized form of the third law (within the domain of Newtonian mechanics). The typical shapes of bodies may be semi-spherical, polygon, long-thin pipe, flat, or any typical shape, etc. If the mass and composition of the bodies are precisely the same, then anomalous results would be because of the shape of the body only. The effect of the shape may be confirmed in specific experiments. Here, the reaction is also theorized to depend on the shape, size, symmetry, composition of bodies, characteristics of the target, or other relevant factors. Thus, the purported equation becomes Reaction (FBA) = −Action (FAB) [Kshape × Kcomposition × Ktarget × Kother]. For simplicity, the discussion involves falling and rebounding bodies, the recoil of guns, etc.

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