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Nuclear and Non-nuclear Models of Atoms of Elements

Author:

Abdullahi, Musa Daji

Category:

Research Papers

Sub-Category:

Mechanics / Electrodynamics

Language:

English

Date Published:

June 27, 2025

File:

/Research Papers-Mechanics / Electrodynamics/Download/10239

Downloads:

Keywords:

Atom, Electron, Energy, Field, Force, Heat, Lorentz Force, Mass, Orbit, Positron, Radiation, Unitron.

Abstract:

An electron of charge -e or positron of charge +e, mass m, is a spherical shell of radius a and energy E. An electron and positron at centres 2r apart, revolving with speed v in a circular orbit, form a positronium of mass 2m and negative potential energy with energy radiation. The electron, positron and positronium are basic blocks of atoms. Rutherford’s nuclear model of hydrogen atom, with an electron revolving round a positive nucleus, holds and is extended to other atoms. Particle of mass nm revolves in the nth orbit of radius nr1, where n = 1, 2, 3…N, for N number of orbits. Two models of hydrogen protium, atomic number Z = 1, are described. A nuclear model, for solid or liquid state, with particles each of charge -e, mass nm, total charge -Ne and total mass as arithmetic sum ½mN(N+1), revolving in N orbits under attraction of nucleus of charge +Ne and mass ½mN(N+1). A non-nuclear model, for gaseous state, has two particles of charges -e and +e, each of mass nm, total mass mN(N+1), revolving in N orbits,