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Empire Biota Update

Author:

Pelletier, Bernard

Category:

Research Papers

Sub-Category:

Biology / Medicine

Language:

English

Date Published:

December 18, 2024

File:

/Research Papers-Biology / Medicine/Download/10036

Downloads:

Keywords:

Mega-taxonomy, phylogenetics, dominions, kingdoms

Abstract:

The cyanidiophyceans are here considered monophyletic, with the incorporation of molecular evidence, within a larger phylogenetic classification of eukaryotes, where it is basal, based on 3 cladistic analyses of classical evidence, the last of which includes 36 groups and 347 characteristics, and are considered a kingdom. Opisthokonta, Marinamebae (forams and most actinopods), Ascetospora, Jakomastigota (Jacobida and Polymastigota), and Testafilosa (Gromida and Euglyphida) are recovered in the bootstrap, and there is no Archeoplastida nor Rhizaria nor Alveolata. Amorphea and Myzobiota are also recognized based on the incorporation of molecular evidence. The classification of prokaryotes based on my previous analyses is also included (with Togabacteria included within prokaryotes, DEPANN and Asgard added, and Heliobacteria regarded as part of Firmicutes), and eukaryotes, being probably a chimera, are here, as in Gupta, and contrary to the ambiguity and contradiction of conventional opinion, considered unrelated to Metabacteria, so 2 dominions are recognized: Prokaryota (with Eubacteria as paraphyletic and primitive and Metabacteria as monophyletic and advanced) and Eukaryota. And 27 kingdoms are recognized in all, 1 for Prokaryota and 26 for Eukaryota. Included as well is a discussion of bacterial classification and recent endosymbiotic theories. A 10-kingdom, 4 superkingdom convenience classification is also presented. New names are Sporamebae, Eusporamebae, and Pelamoebae.