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On the Origin and Temporally Infinite Cosmos: A Modern Reappraisal through Quantum Theory and the Kalam Argument

Author:

Al Khawaja, Sameer

Category:

Essays

Sub-Category:

Philosophy

Language:

English

Date Published:

November 1, 2025

File:

/Essays-Philosophy/Download/10358

Downloads:

Keywords:

origin of time, universe, Divine will, kalam cosmological argument, quantum cosmology

Abstract:

This article explores the origin of time and the universe through the integrated lenses of modern cosmology, alternative quantum theories, and the Kalam Cosmological Argument. It challenges the notion of a temporally infinite cosmos and critiques materialist interpretations that deny a beginning to time. Drawing from classical Islamic philosophy—particularly Al-Ghazali’s arguments on creation ex nihilo and Divine Will—the paper incorporates contemporary insights from quantum cosmology, such as the Hartle-Hawking no-boundary proposal, loop quantum cosmology, and philosophical developments in the Kalam argument. It argues that time is a contingent feature of the universe, emerging with creation, and not an eternal backdrop. The discussion highlights the epistemological limits of physics in addressing metaphysical origins and underscores the necessity of philosophical and theological perspectives in cosmological discourse.

Comments

Sameer(United Kingdom (GB)):

Thank you Steve for sharing your perspective. I appreciate your comments and the emphasis on living a good life; I agree that's important. Regarding the nature of the universe and “empty space outside it, the question the Kalam Cosmological argument raises is deeper than what lies beyond our universe.

It’s about why anything exists at all rather than nothing. The Kalam argument isn’t based on “religious arguments,” but on philosophical reasoning supported by modern cosmology. Appealing to “a great empty space” or “many universes” doesn’t actually avoid this question; it shifts it.

If multiple universes or a cosmic space exist, they either:
began to exist, and therefore require a cause, or are eternal, in which case we need an explanation for why they are eternal rather than not existing at all. In other words, saying “empty space just exists” is already taking a metaphysical position — one that assumes what needs explaining. Kalam simply argues that the best explanation for the origin of all contingent reality is a timeless, spaceless, immaterial cause; something beyond physical processes.

Also, ideas about divine reality aren’t limited to a single historical period or culture. Civilisations across time and geography — long before Earth’s current climate cycle — have independently concluded that reality points beyond itself. Exploring that there may be a deeper why behind existence and morality does not diminish life, and allows one to be nice and live a happy life too.

Posted: November 02, 2025 @ 8:14:23 am

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Steve Olah(Laguna Woods, United States):

I have three possible answers for you, two of them silly. The first is bootstrap of some sort. The second is that somebody, something wanted us to discuss this thing for ever. The third is that we do not have a full set of information in our toolbox. We are physical. Gravity turned-out to be physical. Newton, Einstein tempted simulations with equations. Just like "Air connections".
We are not a simulation. A simulation would need more stuff and some people to run it. Sameer, when you come up with the answer, please, let us know.

Posted: November 02, 2025 @ 12:51:02 pm

Steve Olah(Laguna Woods, United States):

You may be correct that time belongs to this Universe, but the great empty space outside of it exists without conditions. It is empty, it does not need anybody's religious arguments. Several thousand, maybe a million Universes could be operating at the same time as the great empty space has no boundaries. The divine will and other names you mention do not belong to this Universe, or to this Galaxy. Not even to this Solar System but to this Earth in this period if mild temperatures. It will be gone with the next hundred-thousand-year ice age, as we do not remember anybody from the previous ten-thousand-year long warm period. [Williams] Just be nice and live a happy life.

Posted: November 01, 2025 @ 11:54:41 pm

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